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In nuclear and materials physics, stopping power is the retarding force acting on charged particles, typically alpha and beta particles, due to interaction with matter, resulting in loss of particle kinetic energy. [1] [2] Stopping power is also interpreted as the rate at which a material absorbs the kinetic energy of a charged particle.
where c is the speed of light and ε 0 the vacuum permittivity, =, e and m e the electron charge and rest mass respectively.. Stopping Power of Aluminum for Protons versus proton energy, and the Bethe formula without (red) and with corrections (blue)
Since the work done by the retarding potential in stopping the electron of charge e is eV o, the following must hold eV o = K max. The current-voltage curve is sigmoidal, but its exact shape depends on the experimental geometry and the electrode material properties.
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Position vectors r and r′ used in the calculation. The starting point is Maxwell's equations in the potential formulation using the Lorenz gauge: =, = where φ(r, t) is the electric potential and A(r, t) is the magnetic vector potential, for an arbitrary source of charge density ρ(r, t) and current density J(r, t), and is the D'Alembert operator. [2]
As the input parameters, it needs the ion type and energy (in the range 10 eV – 2 GeV) and the material of one or several target layers. As the output, it lists or plots the three-dimensional distribution of the ions in the solid and its parameters, such as penetration depth, its spread along the ion beam (called straggle) and perpendicular to it, all target atom cascades in the target are ...
i.e., the external potential is the sum of electric potential, gravitational potential, etc. (where q and m are the charge and mass of the species, V ele and h are the electric potential [15] and height of the container, respectively, and g is the acceleration due to gravity). The internal chemical potential includes everything else besides the ...