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In cartography, a contour line (often just called a "contour") joins points of equal elevation (height) above a given level, such as mean sea level. [3] A contour map is a map illustrated with contour lines, for example a topographic map , which thus shows valleys and hills, and the steepness or gentleness of slopes. [ 4 ]
Thus, 32 points of 11.25° each makes a circle of 360°. An object at 022.5° relative would be 'two points off the starboard bow', an object at 101.25° relative would be 'one point abaft the starboard beam' and an object at 213.75° relative would be 'three points on the port quarter'. This method is only used for a relative bearing.
In geodesy and navigation, a meridian arc is the curve between two points on the Earth's surface having the same longitude. The term may refer either to a segment of the meridian, or to its length. The purpose of measuring meridian arcs is to determine a figure of the Earth.
The difference between these two readings equals the change in elevation, which is why this method is also called differential levelling. The procedure is repeated until the destination point is reached. It is usual practice to perform either a complete loop back to the starting point or else close the traverse on a second point whose elevation ...
Col – Lowest point on a mountain ridge between two peaks; Cuesta – Hill or ridge with a gentle slope on one side and a steep slope on the other; Dale – Low area between hills, often with a river running through it; Defile – Narrow pass or gorge between mountains or hills; Dell – Small secluded hollow
Interactive maps, databases and real-time graphics from The Huffington Post