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Developing quartz clocks for the consumer market took place during the 1960s. One of the first successes was a portable quartz clock called the Seiko Crystal Chronometer QC-951. This portable clock was used as a backup timer for marathon events in the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo. [46]
At Bell Labs in New York, Marrison was working on frequency standards using quartz as a reference. It was in 1927 that he developed the first quartz clock while working with J.W. Horton. The clock used a block of crystal, stimulated by electricity, to produce pulses at a frequency of 50,000 cycles per second. [5]
The Shortt–Synchronome clock, an electrical driven pendulum clock designed in 1921, was the first clock to be a more accurate timekeeper than the Earth itself. [167] A succession of innovations and discoveries led to the invention of the modern quartz timer. The vacuum tube oscillator was invented in 1912. [168]
Quartz Movement of the Seiko Astron, 1969 (Deutsches Uhrenmuseum, Inv. Inv. 2010-006) The Astron wristwatch, formally known as the Seiko Quartz-Astron 35SQ, was the world's first "quartz clock" wristwatch. It is now registered on the List of IEEE Milestones as a key advance in electrical engineering.
The first Swiss quartz clock, which was made after World War II (left), on display at the International Museum of Horology in La Chaux-de-Fonds. During World War II, Swiss neutrality permitted the watch industry to continue making consumer time-keeping apparatus, while the major nations of the world shifted timing apparatus production to timing devices for military ordnance.
1927 - Joseph Horton and Warren Marrison describe the first quartz clock at Bell Telephone Laboratories. [8] 1946 - Felix Bloch and Edward Purcell develop nuclear magnetic resonance; 1949 - Harold Lyons develops an atomic clock based on the quantum mechanical vibrations of the ammonia molecule; 1983 - Radio-controlled clocks become common place ...
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Most such quartz clock crystals vibrate at a frequency of 32 768 Hz. The piezoelectric properties of crystalline quartz were discovered by Jacques and Pierre Curie in 1880. [65] [66] The first crystal oscillator was invented in 1917 by Alexander M. Nicholson, after which the first quartz crystal oscillator was built by Walter G. Cady in 1921. [2]