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An HPV infection is caused by the human papillomavirus, a DNA virus from the papillomavirus family. [8] [9] Over 200 types have been described. [10] An individual can become infected with more than one type of HPV, [11] and the disease is only known to affect humans.
This can be done on either urine in both men and women, vaginal or cervical swabs in women, or urethral swabs in men. [98] Screening can be performed: to assess the presence of infection and prevent tubal infertility in women; during the initial evaluation before infertility treatment; to identify HIV infection; for men who have sex with men
US incidence of HPV infection has increased between 1975 and 2006. [29] About 80% of those infected are between the ages of 17 and 33. [29] Although treatments can remove warts, they do not remove the HPV, so warts can recur after treatment (about 50–73% of the time [33]). Warts can also spontaneously regress (with or without treatment). [29]
Some types of human papillomavirus (HPV) can cause anal cancer. [2] Other HPV types cause anogenital warts. Cigarette smokers, men who have sex with men, individuals with a history of immunosuppression (such as in HIV infection) and women with a history of cervical, vaginal and vulval cancer are at increased risk of getting anal cancer. [3]
Papillomaviridae is a family of non-enveloped DNA viruses whose members are known as papillomaviruses. [1] Several hundred species of papillomaviruses, traditionally referred to as "types", [2] have been identified infecting all carefully inspected mammals, [2] but also other vertebrates such as birds, snakes, turtles and fish.
HPV is tested for by the presence of the biomarker p16, which normally increases in the presence of HPV. Some people can have elevated levels of p16 but test negative for HPV and vice versa. This is known as discordant cancer. The 5-year survival for people who test positive for HPV and p16 is 81%, for discordant cancer it is 53 – 55%, and 40 ...