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Catecholamines are produced mainly by the chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla and the postganglionic fibers of the sympathetic nervous system. Dopamine, which acts as a neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, is largely produced in neuronal cell bodies in two areas of the brainstem: the ventral tegmental area and the substantia nigra, the latter of which contains neuromelanin ...
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Catecholaminergic means "related to catecholamines". The catecholamine neurotransmitters include dopamine , epinephrine (adrenaline), and norepinephrine (noradrenaline). A catecholaminergic agent (or drug ) is a chemical which functions to directly modulate the catecholamine systems in the body or brain.
As an example, during exercise catecholamines activate beta-adrenoceptors on the cell surface, which trigger protein kinase A to phosphorylate the L-type calcium channel, increasing the flow of calcium into the cell. Simultaneously, phosphorylation of the regulatory protein phospholamban causes more calcium to be drawn up into the sarcoplasmic ...
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Increased circulating levels of catecholamines (which can bind to β-Adrenergic activation) as well as stimulation by sympathetic nerves (which can release norepinepherine that binds to β 1-adrenoceptors on myocytes) causes the G s subunit of the receptor to render adenylate cyclase activated, resulting in increase of cAMP - which has a number ...
Neuromelanin is an autoxidation byproduct of catecholamines, and it has been suggested that catecholaminergic neurons surrounded by a low density of glutathione peroxidase cells are more susceptible to degeneration in Parkinson's disease than those protected against oxidative stress.
Norepinephrine degradation. Catechol-O-methyltransferase is shown in green boxes.[5] [6]Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT; EC 2.1.1.6) is one of several enzymes that degrade catecholamines (neurotransmitters such as dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine), catecholestrogens, and various drugs and substances having a catechol structure. [7]