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Diagnosis is generally based on symptoms and may be supported by use of methylene blue. [3] Obstetric fistulae are almost entirely preventable with appropriate use of cesarean section. [1] Treatment is typically by surgery. [1] If treated early, the use of a urinary catheter may help with healing. [3] Counseling may also be useful. [1]
Esophageal atresia is a congenital medical condition (birth defect) that affects the alimentary tract.It causes the esophagus to end in a blind-ended pouch rather than connecting normally to the stomach.
Rectovaginal fistulas are often the result of trauma during childbirth (in which case it is known as obstetric fistula), with increased risk associated with significant lacerations or interventions are used such as episiotomy or operative (forceps/vacuum extraction) deliveries [2] or in situations where there is inadequate health care, such as in some developing countries.
Fetal abnormalities are conditions that affect a fetus or embryo, are able to be diagnosed prenatally, and may be fatal or cause disease after birth. They may include aneuploidies , structural abnormalities, or neoplasms.
The diagnosis of a vesicouterine fistula is made by demonstrating an abnormal connection between the cavities of the bladder and uterus. [2] It can be diagnosed using hysterosalpingography , hysterography, cystography, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computerised tomography . [ 1 ]
A tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF, or TOF; see spelling differences) is an abnormal connection between the esophagus and the trachea. TEF is a common congenital abnormality, but when occurring late in life is usually the sequela of surgical procedures such as a laryngectomy .
The diagnosis of duodenal atresia is usually confirmed by radiography. An X-ray of the abdomen is the first step in evaluation. The x-ray should be obtained after placement of a nasogastric tube (feeding tube), evacuating the stomach and filling 40-50 ml of air [ 5 ] to demonstrate two large air filled spaces, the so-called "double bubble" sign.
Polyhydramnios is a medical condition describing an excess of amniotic fluid in the amniotic sac.It is seen in about 1% of pregnancies. [1] [2] [3] It is typically diagnosed when the amniotic fluid index (AFI) is greater than 24 cm. [4] [5] There are two clinical varieties of polyhydramnios: chronic polyhydramnios where excess amniotic fluid accumulates gradually, and acute polyhydramnios ...