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Caffeine keeps you awake by blocking adenosine receptors. Each type of adenosine receptor has different functions, although with some overlap. [3] For instance, both A 1 receptors and A 2A play roles in the heart, regulating myocardial oxygen consumption and coronary blood flow, while the A 2A receptor also has broader anti-inflammatory effects throughout the body. [4]
Neurotransmitter receptor – membrane receptor that can be activated by a neurotransmitter. Interactions between neurotransmitters and neurotransmitter receptors can evoke a wide range of differing responses from the cell receiving the signal, including excitation, inhibition, and various types of modulation. Category:Receptors
A 1 receptors are implicated in sleep promotion by inhibiting wake-promoting cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain. [6] A 1 receptors are also present in smooth muscle throughout the vascular system. [7] The adenosine A 1 receptor has been found to be ubiquitous throughout the entire body. [citation needed]
It involves the activation of purinergic receptors in the cell and/or in nearby cells, thereby regulating cellular functions. [ 1 ] It was proposed after Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) was identified in 1970 as the transmitter responsible for non-adrenergic, noncholinergic neurotransmission .
The actions of the A 2A receptor are complicated by the fact that a variety of functional heteromers composed of a mixture of A 2A subunits with subunits from other unrelated G-protein coupled receptors have been found in the brain, adding a further degree of complexity to the role of adenosine in modulation of neuronal activity.
Receptors are located throughout the body including the skin, epithelia, internal organs, skeletal muscles, bones, and joints. The cutaneous receptors of the skin project in an orderly fashion to the spinal cord , and from there, via different afferent pathways ( dorsal column-medial lemniscus tract and spinothalamic tract ), to the ventral ...
Autonomic nervous system, showing splanchnic nerves in middle, and the vagus nerve as "X" in blue. The heart and organs below in list to right are regarded as viscera. The autonomic nervous system has been classically divided into the sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system only (i.e., exclusively motor).
Adenosinergic means "working on adenosine". An adenosinergic agent (or drug ) is a chemical which functions to directly modulate the adenosine system in the body or brain. Examples include adenosine receptor agonists , adenosine receptor antagonists (such as caffeine ), and adenosine reuptake inhibitors .