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The concentration of solvent in water ranges from 40 to 80%. Higher boiling solvents have the advantage of a lower process pressure. This is weighed against the more difficult solvent recovery by distillation. [2] Ethanol has been suggested as the preferred solvent due to cost and easy recovery.
Aqueous biphasic systems (ABS) or aqueous two-phase systems (ATPS) are clean alternatives for traditional organic-water solvent extraction systems.. ABS are formed when either two polymers, one polymer and one kosmotropic salt, or two salts (one chaotropic salt and the other a kosmotropic salt) are mixed at appropriate concentrations or at a particular temperature.
The Distellex factory fire started at the Distillex chemical plant in North Shields, England on 12 April 2002. [1] Distillex Ltd. operated a chemical recovery service, annually recycling 10,000 tonnes (11,023 tons) of oxygenated, hydrocarbon, and halogenated solvents and 1,000 tonnes (1,102 tons) of other chemical wastes produced by manufacturing industries and laboratories.
In this case, the extraction rate can be increased by increasing the rate of dissolution, for example by increasing flow rate of the solvent. Figure 4. Extraction Profile for Different Types of Extraction. The extraction curve of % recovery against time can be used to elucidate the type of extraction occurring.
The volume ratio between the first and second solvent is critical. A higher ratio of first to second solvent will lead to permanent dissolution of the desired product, while a low ratio will lead to minimal pure crystal recovery. The terms first and second are in reference to crude product soluble and crude product insoluble solvents respectively.
PUREX is the de facto standard aqueous nuclear reprocessing method for the recovery of uranium and plutonium from used nuclear fuel (spent nuclear fuel, or irradiated nuclear fuel). It is based on liquid–liquid extraction ion-exchange. [8]
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