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For example, if there were two bases per codon, then only 16 amino acids could be coded for (4²=16). Because at least 21 codes are required (20 amino acids plus stop) and the next largest number of bases is three, then 4³ gives 64 possible codons, meaning that some degeneracy must exist.
The euplotid nuclear code; The bacterial, archaeal and plant plastid code; The alternative yeast nuclear code; The ascidian mitochondrial code; The alternative flatworm mitochondrial code; The Blepharisma nuclear code [4] The chlorophycean mitochondrial code (none) (none) (none) (none) The trematode mitochondrial code; The Scenedesmus obliquus ...
This is a list of disorder codes in the Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) database. These are diseases that can be inherited via a Mendelian genetic mechanism. OMIM is one of the databases housed in the U.S. National Center for Biotechnology Information.
These "rate-distortion" models [107] suggest that the genetic code originated as a result of the interplay of the three conflicting evolutionary forces: the needs for diverse amino acids, [108] for error-tolerance [103] and for minimal resource cost. The code emerges at a transition when the mapping of codons to amino acids becomes nonrandom.
However, it is now agreed that the genetic code evolves, [22] resulting in discrepancies in how a codon is translated depending on the genetic source. [21] [22] For example, in 1981, it was discovered that the use of codons AUA, UGA, AGA and AGG by the coding system in mammalian mitochondria differed from the universal code. [21]
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Examples of degeneracy are found in the genetic code, when many different nucleotide sequences encode the same polypeptide; in protein folding, when different polypeptides fold to be structurally and functionally equivalent; in protein functions, when overlapping binding functions and similar catalytic specificities are observed; in metabolism, when multiple, parallel biosynthetic and ...
Oxidized bases in DNA are produced in cells treated with Hoechst dye followed by micro-irradiation with 405 nm light. [62] Such oxidized bases can be repaired by base excision repair . When the 405 nm light is focused along a narrow line within the nucleus of a cell, about 2.5 seconds after irradiation, the chromatin remodeling enzyme Alc1 ...