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Briefly, tone marks should always be placed in the order a, e, i, o, u, ü, with the only exceptions being iu and io where the tone mark is placed on the second vowel instead. Pinyin tone marks appear primarily above the syllable nucleus—e.g. as in kuài, where k is the initial, u the medial, a the nucleus, and i is the coda.
Tones can be used to further distinguish characters of the same sound. Many of the early single-character pinyin method implementations required input of tones in order to narrow down the character selection. For the sake of convenience, tone selection is disabled by default in most modern pinyin systems on the computer.
Sometimes these have been termed upper and lower registers respectively, but that may be a misnomer, as in some dialects the dark registers may have the lower tone, and the light register the higher tone. Chinese dictionaries mark the tones with diacritical marks at the four corners of a character: [6] ꜀平 level, ꜂上 rising, 去 ...
Most romanization systems, including pinyin, represent the tones as diacritics on the vowels, as does bopomofo. Some, like Wade–Giles, use superscript numbers at the end of each syllable. The tone marks and numbers are rarely used outside of language textbooks: in particular, they are usually absent in public signs, company logos, and so forth.
Hanyu Pinyin Bopomofo Tong-yong Wade– Giles MPS II Yale EFEO Lessing –Othmer Gwoyeu Romatzyh IPA Note Tone 1 Tone 2 Tone 3 Tone 4 a: ㄚ: a: a: a: a: a: a: a: ar: aa: ah: a: ai
Besides phonemic tone systems, Chinese is commonly transcribed with four to eight historical tone categories. A mark is placed at a corner of a syllable for its category. yin or default tones: ꜀píng, ꜂shǎng, qù꜄, ruʔ꜆ yang tones: ꜁píng, ꜃shǎng, qù꜅, ruʔ꜇ When the yin–yang distinction is not needed, the yin tone marks ...
It is pronounced in tone 2 if the classifier has tone 4. In Taiwanese tone sandhi, tone 1 is pronounced as tone 7 if followed by another syllable in a polysyllabic word. Some romanization schemes, like Jyutping, use tone numbers. Even for Pinyin, tone numbers are used instead when diacritics are not available, as in basic ASCII text.
Tone marks should only appear within templates, parentheticals, or infoboxes; for example, the introductory sentence for Gu Yanwu could read: Gu Yanwu (Chinese: 顧炎武; pinyin: Gù Yánwǔ) was a Chinese philologist ... Romanised terms used in running text should omit tone marks: A bronze ding was recovered from the tomb.