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A cooling bath or ice bath, in laboratory chemistry practice, is a liquid mixture which is used to maintain low temperatures, typically between 13 °C and −196 °C. These low temperatures are used to collect liquids after distillation , to remove solvents using a rotary evaporator , or to perform a chemical reaction below room temperature ...
Dry ice: Ethylene glycol-15 Ice: Sodium chloride-20 1 to 3 ratio of salt to ice. Dry ice: Tetrachloroethylene-22 Dry ice: Carbon Tetrachloride-23 Dry ice: 1,3-Dichlorobenzene-25 Dry ice: o-Xylene-29 Liquid N 2: Bromobenzene-30 Dry ice: m-Toluidine-32 Dry ice: 3-Heptanone-38 Ice: Calcium chloride hexahydrate -40 1 to 0.8 ratio of salt to ice ...
A cold finger is a piece of laboratory equipment that is used to generate a localized cold surface. It is named for its resemblance to a finger and is a type of cold trap . The device usually consists of a chamber that a coolant fluid (cold tap water, or perhaps something colder) can enter and leave.
This experiment is possible for ice at −10 °C or cooler, and while essentially valid, the details of the process by which the wire passes through the ice are complex. [1] The phenomenon works best with high thermal conductivity materials such as copper, since latent heat of fusion from the top side needs to be transferred to the lower side ...
In practice, a mechanical freezing process is usually used instead due to cost. There has been continuous optimization of the freezing rate in mechanical freezing to minimize ice crystal size. [2] Flash freezing techniques are also used to freeze biological samples quickly so that large ice crystals cannot form and damage the sample. [5]
In chemistry a cooling bath may be used to control the temperature of a strongly exothermic reaction. A frigorific mixture may be used as an alternative to mechanical refrigeration. For example to fit two machined metal parts together, one part is placed in a frigorific mixture, causing it to contract so that may be easily inserted into the ...
In chemistry, a condenser is laboratory apparatus used to condense vapors – that is, turn them into liquids – by cooling them down. [1] Condensers are routinely used in laboratory operations such as distillation, reflux, and extraction. In distillation, a mixture is heated until the more volatile components boil off, the vapors are ...
Vitrification is a flash-freezing (ultra-rapid cooling) process that helps to prevent the formation of ice crystals and helps prevent cryopreservation damage. Researchers Greg Fahy and William F. Rall helped to introduce vitrification to reproductive cryopreservation in the mid-1980s. [ 23 ]