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A sovereign wealth fund (SWF) is a fund owned by a state (or a political subdivision of a federal state) composed of financial assets such as stocks, bonds, property or other financial instruments. Sovereign wealth funds are entities that manage the national savings for the purposes of investment.
Map of S&P's sovereign long-term foreign credit ratings as of March 2024. Legend: AAA AA+ AA AA− A+ A A− BBB+ BBB BBB− BB+ BB BB− B+ B B− CCC+ CCC CCC− SD/D. For S&P, a bond is considered investment grade if its credit rating is BBB− or higher.
Malta and parts of France, Italy, Portugal, and Spain are located on the African continental plate, some considerably closer to the African mainland than the European mainland but, politically, are generally considered to be European by convention. Egypt, although extending into Asia through the Sinai Peninsula, is considered an African state.
Countries in Africa are sorted according to data from the International Monetary Fund. [1] The figures presented here do not take into account differences in the cost of living in different countries, and the results can vary greatly from one year to another based on fluctuations in the exchange rates of the country's currency. [2]
In May 2019, figures from the Department of Finance showed that since 2012, the net assets of the aircraft leasing industry in Ireland was close to zero (€141 billion in Irish domiciled aircraft assets offset by €141 billion in offshore financing); and that the aircraft leasing industry paid only €54 million in Irish corporation tax in ...
In contrast, countries with lower levels of secrecy but also low "effective" rates of taxation, most notably Ireland in the FSI rankings, appear in most § Tax haven lists. [9] The consensus on effective tax rates has led academics to note that the term "tax haven" and " offshore financial centre " are almost synonymous. [ 10 ]
Today, about 70 million people claim Irish heritage or ancestry worldwide, according to the Irish government.
The investments by US distressed debt funds in Irish property are via loan acquisitions and thus use L-QIAIFs. [3] [38] In addition, foreign investors in Irish property can still use the L-QIAIF by holding via structured loans domiciled abroad, thus also avoiding Irish taxes in a confidential manner. [39] [40]