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High-risk HPVs cause cancer and consist of about twelve identified types. [10] Types 16 and 18 are responsible for causing most of HPV-caused cancers. These high-risk HPVs cause 5% of the cancers in the world. In the United States, high-risk HPVs cause 3% of all cancer cases in women and 2% in men. [87]
However, it is acceptable to screen this age group with a Pap smear alone every 3 years or with an FDA-approved primary high risk HPV test every 5 years. [11] In women over the age of 65, screening for cervical cancer may be discontinued in the absence of abnormal screening results within the prior 10 years and no history of high-grade lesions ...
HPV-associated cancers are caused by high-risk strains of HPV, mainly HPV-16 and HPV-18. [35] HPV is a small non-enveloped DNA virus of the papillomavirus family. Its genome encodes the early (E) oncoproteins E5, E6 and E7 and the late (L) capsid proteins L1 and L2.
The cause of CIN is chronic infection of the cervix with HPV, especially infection with high-risk HPV types 16 or 18. It is thought that the high-risk HPV infections have the ability to inactivate tumor suppressor genes such as the p53 gene and the RB gene, thus allowing the infected cells to grow unchecked and accumulate successive mutations, eventually leading to cancer.
The Papanicolaou test (abbreviated as Pap test, also known as Pap smear (AE), [1] cervical smear (BE), cervical screening (BE), [2] or smear test (BE)) is a method of cervical screening used to detect potentially precancerous and cancerous processes in the cervix (opening of the uterus or womb) or, more rarely, anus (in both men and women). [3]
In women over the age of 65, screening may be discontinued if no abnormal screening results were seen within the previous 10 years and no history of CIN2 or higher exists. [85] [86] [87] HPV vaccination status does not change screening rates. [86] A number of recommended options exist for screening those 30 to 65. [88]
This is an accepted version of this page This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 16 February 2025. Class of vaccines against human papillomavirus Pharmaceutical compound HPV vaccine Vaccine description Target Human papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccine type Protein subunit Clinical data Trade names Gardasil, others AHFS / Drugs.com Monograph MedlinePlus a615028 License data US DailyMed: Human ...
Estimates place the worldwide risk of cancers from infectious causes at 16.1%. [1] Viral infections are risk factors for cervical cancer, 80% of liver cancers, and 15–20% of the other cancers. [2] This proportion varies in different regions of the world from a high of 32.7% in Sub-Saharan Africa to 3.3% in Australia and New Zealand. [1]
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