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Clockwork mechanisms appeared at the beginning of the 20th century and electronic time fuzes appeared in the 1980s, soon after digital watches. Almost all artillery time fuzes are fitted to the nose of the shell. One exception was the 1950s design US 203 mm (8 in) nuclear shell (M422) that had a triple-deck mechanical time base fuze.
Time fuzes detonate after a set period of time by using one or more combinations of mechanical, electronic, pyrotechnic or even chemical timers. Depending on the technology used, the device may self-destruct [ 21 ] (or render itself safe without detonation [ 22 ] ) some seconds, minutes, hours, days, or even months after being deployed.
A Proximity Fuse (also VT fuse [1] [2] [3] or "variable time fuze") is a fuse that detonates an explosive device automatically when it approaches within a certain distance of its target. Proximity fuses are designed for elusive military targets such as aircraft and missiles, as well as ships at sea and ground forces.
A pencil detonator or time pencil is a time fuze designed to be connected to a detonator or short length of safety fuse. They are about the same size and shape as a pencil , hence the name. They were introduced during World War II and developed at Aston House , Hertfordshire , UK .
M734 fuze cross section Amplifier (top) and oscillator. The M734 multi-option fuze [1] is a rangefinder and collision detection system used on 60 mm, 81 mm, and 120 mm mortar shells as a trigger to detonate the shells at the most damaging heights of burst when combating four types of battlefield threats:
However, when being specific (and in particular in a military context), the term fuse [1] describes a simple pyrotechnic initiating device, like the cord on a firecracker whereas the term fuze [2] [unreliable source?] [3] [4] is used when referring to a more sophisticated ignition device incorporating mechanical and/or electronic components ...
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The new methods resulted in the reshaping of the spherical shell into its modern recognizable cylindro-conoidal form. This shape greatly improved the in-flight stability of the projectile and meant that the primitive time fuzes could be replaced with the percussion fuze situated in the nose of the shell.