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The two arms, the spindle, and the body, form a four-bar link.Use of the linkage at the lower suspension connection of either a MacPherson strut or a short long arms suspension readily gives an effective virtual ball joint outboard of the spindle, which is very useful for a suspension designer, allowing negative scrub radius whilst allowing the ball joints to move in and thus out of the way of ...
In 2022, the Ducato and ProMaster received a redesigned dashboard and the 948TE nine-speed automatic transmission as standard equipment for the ProMaster and optional for the Ducato. The Ducato also receives the 2.2L Fiat Pratola Serra Family B turbo diesel, branded as the Multijet 3 (from end of 2021), while the ProMaster receives a revised 3 ...
A typical ball joint with cutaway view (right) An inner tie rod end cut open to expose the ball joint. In an automobile, ball joints are spherical bearings that connect the control arms to the steering knuckles, and are used on virtually every automobile made. [1] They bionically resemble the ball-and-socket joints found in most tetrapod ...
The 3.3 L and 4.0 L have been dropped from the list and a 3.2L added, while Fiat's investor website, as of December 2011, specifies the 3.0 L with Fiat's MultiAir technology. [5] The 3.6 L engine itself has different power ratings in different vehicles, and has higher output 305 hp (227 kW; 309 PS) and 269 pound force-feet (365 N⋅m) of torque ...
The North American market Crown went on sale in October 2022 as a 2023 model year vehicle as a replacement to Toyota's former full-size sedan, the Avalon. Offered only in the Crossover body style and marketed simply as "Crown", grade levels available in the US and Canada are XLE, Limited, and Platinum.
Volkswagen (VW; German pronunciation: [ˈfɔlksˌvaːɡn̩] ⓘ) [Note 1] is a German automobile manufacturer based in Wolfsburg, Lower Saxony, Germany.Established in 1937 by The German Labour Front, it was revitalized into the global brand it is today after World War II by British Army officer Ivan Hirst.
Wernher von Braun's space station concept (1952) Although Germans, Americans and Soviets experimented with small liquid-fuel rockets before World War II, launching satellites and humans into space required the development of larger ballistic missiles such as Wernher von Braun's Aggregat-4 (A-4), which became known as the Vergeltungswaffe 2 (V-2) developed by Nazi Germany to bomb the Allies in ...
The rate and extent of absorption from inhalation of cocaine is similar or greater than with intravenous injection, as inhalation provides access directly to the pulmonary capillary bed. The delay in absorption after oral ingestion may account for the popular belief that cocaine bioavailability from the stomach is lower than after insufflation.