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In the vertex presentation, the occiput typically is anterior and thus in an optimal position to negotiate the pelvic curve by extending the head. In an occiput posterior position, labor becomes prolonged, and more operative interventions are deemed necessary. [4] The prevalence of the persistent occiput posterior is given as 4.7%. [4]
In obstetrics, position is the orientation of the fetus in the womb, identified by the location of the presenting part of the fetus relative to the pelvis of the mother. Conventionally, it is the position assumed by the fetus before the process of birth, as the fetus assumes various positions and postures during the course of childbirth .
Left occipitoanterior (LOA)—the occiput is close to the vagina (hence known as vertex presentation), facing anteriorly (forward with mother standing) and toward the left. This is the most common position and lie. Right occipitoanterior (ROA)—the occiput faces anteriorly and toward the right.
Various techniques have been tried to resolve an asynclitic position of the fetus. Vacuum extraction, a delivery assistance method used for prolonged or obstructed labor, has been shown to reverse the position from the less optimal one, known as occiput posterior or occiput transverse, to the more favorable position known as occiput anterior. [22]
In obstetrics, Leopold maneuvers are a common and systematic way to determine the position of a fetus inside the woman's uterus. They are named after the gynecologist Christian Gerhard Leopold. They are also used to estimate term fetal weight. [1] The maneuvers consist of four distinct actions, each helping to determine the position of the fetus.
They are referred to as upright birth positions. [3] Understanding the physical effects of each birthing position on the mother and baby is important. However, the psychological effects are crucial as well. Knowledge about birthing positions can help mothers choose the option they are most comfortable with.
Back labor can be painful. Relief may be sought by trying to find a comfortable position or using a birth ball. Back labor (less commonly called posterior labor [1] [2]) is a term referring to sensations of pain or discomfort that occur in the lower back, just above the tailbone, to a mother during childbirth. [3]
The lesser, or posterior fontanel, is represented by a small triangular area at the intersection of the sagittal and lambdoid sutures. The localization of these fontanels gives important information concerning the presentation and position of the fetus. The temporal, or casserian fontanels, have no diagnostic