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Traditional ploughing: a farmer works the land with horses and plough in the UK Water buffalo used for ploughing in Laos. A plough or plow (both pronounced / p l aʊ /) is a farm tool for loosening or turning the soil before sowing seed or planting. [1] Ploughs were traditionally drawn by oxen and horses but modern ploughs are drawn by tractors.
Ridge and furrow is an archaeological pattern of ridges (Medieval Latin: sliones) and troughs created by a system of ploughing used in Europe during the Middle Ages, typical of the open-field system. It is also known as rig (or rigg) and furrow, mostly in the North East of England and in Scotland. [1] [2] [3]
Components of a simple drawn plow: 1) beam; 2) three point hitch; 3) height regulator; 4) coulter (or knife) 5) chisel 6) plowshare 7) moldboard Instrument for cleaning a plowshare used at a mill near Horažďovice, Czech Republic. In agriculture, a plowshare or ploughshare (UK; / ˈ p l aʊ ʃ ɛər /) is a component of a plow (or plough).
A four-ox-team plough, circa 1330. The ploughman is using a mouldboard plough to cut through the heavy soils. A team could plough about one acre (0.4 ha) per day. The typical planting scheme in a three-field system was that barley, oats, or legumes would be planted in one field in spring, wheat or rye in the second field in the fall and the third field would be left fallow.
By reducing the number of times the farmer travels over the field, significant savings in fuel and labor are made. Conservation tillage is used on over 370 million acres, mostly in South America, Oceania and North America. [9] In most years since 1997, conservation tillage was used in US cropland more than intensive or reduced tillage. [7]
Contour plowing or contour farming is the farming practice of plowing and/or planting across a slope following its elevation contour lines. These contour line furrows create a water break, reducing the formation of rills and gullies during heavy precipitation and allowing more time for the water to settle into the soil. [ 1 ]
An oxgang was the amount of land tillable by one ox in a ploughing season. This could vary from village to village, but was typically around 15 acres. A virgate was the amount of land tillable by two oxen in a ploughing season. A carucate was the amount of land tillable by a team of eight oxen in a ploughing season. This was equal to 8 oxgangs ...
The purpose of deep plowing is to modify the soil water retention characteristics over the long term. [1] In one long-term test, lasting 35 years, the mean annual grain yield was 2,800 lbs per acre (3,138 kg per ha) with deep plowing, which was 10% greater than the 2,550 lbs per acre (2,858 kg per ha) yield in unplowed plots. [ 1 ]