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Perinatal mortality (PNM) is the death of a fetus or neonate and is the basis to calculate the perinatal mortality rate. [1] Perinatal means "relating to the period starting a few weeks before birth and including the birth and a few weeks after birth."
The occurrence of infant mortality in a population can be described by the infant mortality rate (IMR), which is the number of deaths of infants under one year of age per 1,000 live births. [1] Similarly, the child mortality rate , also known as the under-five mortality rate, compares the death rate of children up to the age of five.
The child mortality rate (also under-five mortality rate) refers to the probability of dying between birth and exactly five years of age expressed per 1,000 live births. [3] It encompasses neonatal mortality and infant mortality (the probability of death in the first year of life). [3]
Indicator 3.2.1: Under-5 mortality rate. The under-5 mortality rate measures the number of children per 1,000 live births who die before their fifth birthday. Indicator 3.2.2: Neonatal mortality rate. The neonatal mortality rate is defined as the share of newborns per 1,000 live births in a given year who die before reaching 28 days of age.
Infant mortality is the death of an infant in the first year of life, often expressed as the number of deaths per 1,000 live births (infant mortality rate). Major causes of infant mortality include dehydration, infection, congenital malformation and SIDS. [38]
The under-five mortality rate for the world is 39 deaths according to the World Bank and the World Health Organization (WHO). 5.3 million children under age five died in 2018, 14,722 every day. [1] [2] [3] The infant mortality rate is the number of deaths of infants under one year old per 1,000 live births. This rate is often used as an ...
Lower rates of infant mortality are observed in breastfed babies in addition to lower rates of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). Decreases in obesity and diseases such as childhood metabolic disease, asthma, atopic dermatitis, Type I diabetes, and childhood cancers are also seen in children who are breastfed. [97]
In the past, mortality rates for females in child-bearing age groups were higher than for males at the same age. A paper from 2015 found that female foetuses have a higher mortality rate than male foetuses. [84] This finding contradicts papers dating from 2002 and earlier that attribute the male sex to higher in-utero mortality rates.