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A particle beam is a stream of charged or neutral particles.In particle accelerators, these particles can move with a velocity close to the speed of light. [1] There is a difference between the creation and control of charged particle beams and neutral particle beams, as only the first type can be manipulated to a sufficient extent by devices based on electromagnetism.
Cathode rays or electron beams (e-beam) are streams of electrons observed in discharge tubes. If an evacuated glass tube is equipped with two electrodes and a voltage is applied, glass behind the positive electrode is observed to glow, due to electrons emitted from the cathode (the electrode connected to the negative terminal of the voltage ...
Electron-beam machining is a process in which high-velocity electrons are concentrated into a narrow beam with a very high planar power density. The beam cross-section is then focused and directed toward the work piece, creating heat and vaporizing the material. Electron-beam machining can be used to accurately cut or bore a wide variety of metals.
where indicates the beam current and represents the total emittance of the incident beam and the wavelength of the incident electron. The intrinsic emittance ε i {\displaystyle \varepsilon _{i}} , describing a normal distribution in the initial phase space, is diffused by the emittance introduced by aberrations ε χ {\displaystyle \varepsilon ...
A diagram of a Rhodotron. The electron beam is in red. E is the electron gun, L is an electron lens, C is the radiofrequency cavity, and M is a bending magnet. A Rhodotron is an industrial electron accelerator first proposed in 1987 by J. Pottier of the French Atomic Energy Agency (CEA), [34] manufactured by Belgian company Ion Beam ...
Electron scattering by isolated atoms and molecules occurs in the gas phase. It plays a key role in plasma physics and chemistry and it's important for such applications as semiconductor physics. Electron-molecule/atom scattering is normally treated by means of quantum mechanics.
Electron optics is a mathematical framework for the calculation of electron trajectories in the presence of electromagnetic fields. The term optics is used because magnetic and electrostatic lenses act upon a charged particle beam similarly to optical lenses upon a light beam .
Electron-beam physical vapor deposition, or EBPVD, is a form of physical vapor deposition in which a target anode is bombarded with an electron beam given off by a charged tungsten filament under high vacuum. The electron beam causes atoms from the target to transform into the gaseous phase.