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Fluorescence and confocal microscopes operating principle. Confocal microscopy, most frequently confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) or laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM), is an optical imaging technique for increasing optical resolution and contrast of a micrograph by means of using a spatial pinhole to block out-of-focus light in image formation. [1]
In confocal laser-scanned microscopes, the full-width half-maximum (FWHM) of the point spread function is often used to avoid the difficulty of measuring the Airy disc. [1] This, combined with the rastered illumination pattern, results in better resolution, but it is still proportional to the Rayleigh-based formula given above.
A 4Pi microscope is a laser scanning fluorescence microscope with an improved axial resolution.With it the typical range of the axial resolution of 500–700 nm can be improved to 100–150 nm, which corresponds to an almost spherical focal spot with 5–7 times less volume than that of standard confocal microscopy.
Confocal microscopy: Fluorescence, scattering 0.2 3-20 0.3-3 10-100 Two-photon microscopy: Fluorescence 0.5-1.0 1-10 0.3-3 10-100 Optical coherence tomography: 300 T Optical scattering 1-2 0.5-10 1-10 20-4.000 Scanning laser acoustic microscopy: 300 M Ultrasonic scattering 1-2 20 20 10 Acoustic microscopy: 50 M Ultrasonic scattering 20 20-100 ...
Compound microscopes also have higher resolution for viewing specimens with greater clarity. Stereo microscopes have low magnification power and are used for viewing objects in 3D.
Laser scanning is the controlled deflection of laser beams, visible or invisible. [1] Scanned laser beams are used in some 3-D printers, in rapid prototyping, in machines for material processing, in laser engraving machines, in ophthalmological laser systems for the treatment of presbyopia, in confocal microscopy, in laser printers, in laser shows, in Laser TV, and in barcode scanners.
The three-dimensional point spread functions (a,c) and corresponding modulation transfer functions (b,d) of a wide-field microscope (a,b) and confocal microscope (c,d). In both cases the numerical aperture of the objective is 1.49 and the refractive index of the medium 1.52.
Confocal endoscopy, or confocal laser endomicroscopy (CLE), is a modern imaging technique that allows the examination of real-time microscopic and histological features inside the body. In the word "endomicroscopy", endo- means "within" and -skopein means "to view or observe".