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UPS in the gas phase, IPREM, Pau, France, Dr. JM Sotiropoulos, CNRS The ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS) was pioneered by Feodor I. Vilesov , a physicist at St. Petersburg (Leningrad) State University in Russia (USSR) in 1961 to study the photoelectron spectra of free molecules in the gas phase.
Later, Richard Smalley modified the technique and used a UV laser to excite the sample, in order to measure the binding energy of electrons in gaseous molecular clusters. Angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) has become the most prevalent electron spectroscopy in condensed matter physics after recent advances in energy and momentum ...
A variation of the Geiger tube can be used to exclusively measure radiation dosage from neutrons rather than from gammas by the process of neutron capture. The tube, which can contain the fill gas boron trifluoride or helium-3, is surrounded by a plastic moderator that reduces neutron energies prior to capture. When a capture occurs in the fill ...
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A boiling tube is essentially a scaled-up test tube, being about 50% larger. They are designed to be wide enough to allow substances to boil violently as opposed to a test tube, which is too narrow; a boiling liquid can explode out of the end of test tubes when they are heated, as there is no room for bubbles of gas to escape independently of ...
Tube testers evolved along with the vacuum tube to satisfy the demands of the time, and their evolution ended with the tube era. The first tube testers were simple units designed for specific tubes to be used in the battlefields of World War I by radio operators, so they could easily test the tubes of their communication equipment.
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to measure the patient's blood pressure: Stethoscope: to hear sounds from movements within the body like heart beats, intestinal movement, breath sounds, etc. Suction device: to suck up blood or secretions Surgical scissors: used for dissecting or cutting Thermometer: to record body temperature: Tongue depressor: for use in oral examination ...