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Swedish Livonia, between Swedish Estonia and Courland (1600s) Livonia, [a] known in earlier records as Livland, [1] [b] is a historical region on the eastern shores of the Baltic Sea. It is named after the Livonians, who lived on the shores of present-day Latvia.
The history of Latvia began around 9000 BC with the end of the last glacial period in ... The Reformation reached Livonia in 1521 with Luther's follower Andreas ...
Swedish Livonia (Swedish: Svenska Livland) was a dominion of the Swedish Empire from 1629 until 1721. The territory, which constituted the southern part of modern Estonia (including the island of Ösel ceded by Denmark after the Treaty of Brömsebro) and the northern part of modern Latvia (the Vidzeme region), represented the conquest of the major part of the Polish-Lithuanian Duchy of Livonia ...
The Duchy of Livonia, [2] [a] also referred to as Polish Livonia or Livonia, [b] was a territory of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and later the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth that existed from 1561 to 1621. It corresponds to the present-day areas of northern Latvia (Vidzeme and Latgale) and southern Estonia.
Between 1237 and 1290, the Livonian Order conquered all of Courland, Livonia, and Semigallia. In 1298, Lithuanians took Karkus Castle north of Riga, and defeated the order in the Battle of Turaida , killing Livonian Land Master Bruno and 22 knights. [ 4 ]
The Battles of Wenden were a series of battles for control of the stronghold of Wenden (Cēsis, Kiesia, Võnnu), in present-day Latvia, fought during the Livonian War in 1577 and 1578. Magnus of Livonia besieged the town in August 1577, but was deposed and replaced by Russian forces under Tsar Ivan IV , who eventually sacked the town and castle ...
The main source of information on the Livonian crusade is the Livonian Chronicle of Henry, written in c. 1229 by Henry of Latvia (Henricus de Lettis). [5] In his chronicle, the author notes that he penned it down at the urging of his lords and companions, including his former teacher bishop Albert of Riga, who receives much praise throughout the text, that is internally divided according to ...
Terra Mariana (Medieval Latin for 'Land of Mary') was the formal name [1] for Medieval Livonia or Old Livonia. [ b ] [ 4 ] It was formed in the aftermath of the Livonian Crusade , and its territories were composed of present-day Estonia and Latvia .