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Protein production is the biotechnological process of generating a specific protein. It is typically achieved by the manipulation of gene expression in an organism such that it expresses large amounts of a recombinant gene .
Recombinant protein production is a process in which transformation is carried out with a recombinant DNA that codes for a specific protein. Once the recombinant plasmid has been introduced into the host cell, the protein is then produced by the host cell. Application of this process is common in the medical field with the production of insulin ...
A ruptured cell contains proteins and other cell debris. By mixing with phenol and/or chloroform, followed by centrifuging, the nucleic acids can be separated from this debris into an upper aqueous phase. This aqueous phase can be removed and further purified if necessary by repeating the phenol-chloroform steps.
Biomolecular engineering is the application of engineering principles and practices to the purposeful manipulation of molecules of biological origin. Biomolecular engineers integrate knowledge of biological processes with the core knowledge of chemical engineering in order to focus on molecular level solutions to issues and problems in the life sciences related to the environment, agriculture ...
Furthermore, there are concerns about the by-products in biopharmaceutical production, where recombinant DNA result in specific protein products. The major by-product, termed host cell protein, comes from the host expression system and poses a threat to the patient's health and the overall environment. [40] [41]
Most protein pharmaceuticals are now produced through recombinant DNA technology using expression vectors. These peptide and protein pharmaceuticals may be hormones, vaccines, antibiotics, antibodies, and enzymes. [43] The first human recombinant protein used for disease management, insulin, was introduced in 1982. [43]
Protein engineering is the process of developing useful or valuable proteins through the design and production of unnatural polypeptides, often by altering amino acid sequences found in nature. [1] It is a young discipline, with much research taking place into the understanding of protein folding and recognition for protein design principles.
The following is a list of notable proteins that are produced from recombinant DNA, using biomolecular engineering. [1] In many cases, recombinant human proteins have replaced the original animal-derived version used in medicine. The prefix "rh" for "recombinant human" appears less and less in the literature.