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Underemployment has been studied from a variety of perspectives, including economics, management, psychology, and sociology. In economics, underemployment has three different distinct meanings and applications. [according to whom?] Policy-makers may under-research these meanings when assessing the economy as they focus on unemployment instead: [3]
The second is Psychological Empowerment which comes from Social Psychological models and is described as psychological perceptions/attitudes of employees about their work and their organizational roles. A study done by Ahmad et al. found support for the relationship between empowerment and job satisfaction and job commitment.
Occupational health psychology (OHP) is an interdisciplinary area of psychology that is concerned with the health and safety of workers. [1] [2] [3] OHP addresses a number of major topic areas including the impact of occupational stressors on physical and mental health, the impact of involuntary unemployment on physical and mental health, work-family balance, workplace violence and other forms ...
Research concludes that social undermining has a greater impact on a person's mental health than social support. Vinokur and van Ryn used unemployed participants and some of the participants were reemployed to look at the impact that social support and social undermining can have on a person's mental health during economic hardships. [19]
I-O psychology research and practice also includes the work–nonwork interface such as selecting and transitioning into a new career, occupational burnout, unemployment, retirement, and work–family conflict and balance. [10] [11] I-O psychology is one of the 17 recognized professional specialties by the American Psychological Association ...
Specifically, the Strengths-Based Practice is a psychological approach to gainful employment that has business applications for the employed and people in management positions. In management in particular, managers who focus on employee strengths, communicate company goals, and give constructive feedback to employees promote gainful employment. [8]
Managerial psychology is a sub-discipline of industrial and organizational psychology that focuses on the effectiveness of individuals and groups in the workplace, using behavioral science. The purpose of managerial psychology is to aid managers in gaining a better managerial and personal understanding of the psychological patterns common among ...
The demand-control-support (DCS) model, originally the demand-control (DC) model, has been the most influential psychological theory in occupational stress research. [10] The DC model advances the idea that the combination of low levels of work-related decision latitude (i.e., autonomy and control over the job) and high psychological workloads ...