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Detail of the Cantiga #63 (13th century), which deals with a late 10th-century battle in San Esteban de Gormaz involving the troops of Count García and Almanzor. [1]The Reconquista (Spanish and Portuguese for ' reconquest ') [a] or the reconquest of al-Andalus [b] was a series of military and cultural campaigns that European Christian kingdoms waged against the Muslim kingdoms following the ...
At the end of the 12th century, a series of pacts between the crowns of Aragon and Castile delimited the zones that the two would each attempt to conquer from Muslim-ruled kingdoms, (the "Reconquista"); to the east, in 1213, the defeat and death of Peter II of Aragon ("Peter the Catholic") in the Battle of Muret put an end to the project of ...
Alfonso VII of León and Castile wins the first major victory against the Moors in the Reconquista at the Siege of Oreja. [238] 25 July. Afonso Henriques defeats the Moors at the Battle of Ourique. [239] Shortly thereafter. Kingdom of Portugal is declared and Alfonso Henriques becomes Afonso I of Portugal. [240] Date approximate.
On 22 April 1238, James I arrived at the village Grau de Valencia to start the siege of the city, and established his command post at Russafa. [3] Numerous knights from Aragon, Catalonia, Provence, and also Germany, Hungary, Italy, England, etc. joined the siege, after calls by the King and the Crusade bull granted by Pope Gregory IX in February 1237.
His army consisted of knights drawn from both Catalonia and his fiancée's kingdom of Aragon. [3] He also received assistance from the Templars of Monzón, whose militia may have made up the majority of the army. [3] [12] Nicholas Breakspear, abbot of Saint-Ruf and the future Pope Adrian IV, was present at the siege. [17] [18]
Catalonia had some industry, but Castile remained the political and cultural center, and was not interested in promoting industry. [ 130 ] Although the juntas , that had forced the French to leave Spain, had sworn by the liberal Constitution of 1812 , Ferdinand VII had the support of conservatives and he rejected it. [ 131 ]
The Kingdom of Navarre (/ n ə ˈ v ɑːr / nə-VAR), [7] originally the Kingdom of Pamplona occupied lands on both sides of the western Pyrenees, with its northernmost areas originally reaching the Atlantic Ocean (Bay of Biscay), between present-day Spain and France.
James was born at Montpellier as the only son of Peter II of Aragon and Marie of Montpellier. [2] As a child, James was made a pawn in the power politics of Provence, where his father was engaged in struggles helping the Cathar heretics of Albi against the Albigensian Crusade led by Simon IV de Montfort, Earl of Leicester, who were trying to exterminate them.