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  2. Former countries in Europe after 1815 - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Former_countries_in_Europe...

    A map of Europe as it appeared in 1815 after the . This article gives a detailed listing of all the countries, including puppet states, that have existed in Europe since the Congress of Vienna in 1815 to the present day.

  3. History of the metric system - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_metric_system

    The history of the metric system began during the Age of Enlightenment with measures of length and weight derived from nature, along with their decimal multiples and fractions. The system became the standard of France and Europe within half a century. Other measures with unity ratios [Note 1] were added, and the system went on to be adopted ...

  4. Euratlas - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euratlas

    Euratlas. Euratlas is a Switzerland-based software company dedicated to elaborate digital history maps of Europe. [ 1] Founded in 2001, Euratlas has created a collection of history maps of Europe from year 1 AD to year 2000 AD that present the evolution of every country from the Roman Empire [ 2] to present times.

  5. History of the metre - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_metre

    History of the metre. An early definition of the metre was one ten-millionth of the Earth quadrant, the distance from the North Pole to the Equator, measured along a meridian through Paris. The history of the metre starts with the Scientific Revolution that is considered to have begun with Nicolaus Copernicus 's publication of De revolutionibus ...

  6. Marine chronometer - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_chronometer

    A marine chronometer is a precision timepiece that is carried on a ship and employed in the determination of the ship's position by celestial navigation. It is used to determine longitude by comparing Greenwich Mean Time (GMT), and the time at the current location found from observations of celestial bodies. When first developed in the 18th century, it was a major technical achievement, as ...

  7. History of cartography - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_cartography

    The history of cartography refers to the development and consequences of cartography, or mapmaking technology, throughout human history. Maps have been one of the most important human inventions for millennia, allowing humans to explain and navigate their way through the world. When and how the earliest maps were made is unclear, but maps of ...

  8. Metrication - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metrication

    Metrication or metrification is the act or process of converting to the metric system of measurement. [1] All over the world, countries have transitioned from local and traditional units of measurement to the metric system. This process began in France during the 1790s, and has persistently advanced over two centuries, accumulating into 95% of ...

  9. History of longitude - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_longitude

    The history of longitude describes the centuries-long effort by astronomers, cartographers and navigators to discover a means of determining the longitude of any given place on Earth. The measurement of longitude is important to both cartography and navigation. In particular, for safe ocean navigation, knowledge of both latitude and longitude ...