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Rational numbers have irrationality exponent 1, while (as a consequence of Dirichlet's approximation theorem) every irrational number has irrationality exponent at least 2. On the other hand, an application of Borel-Cantelli lemma shows that almost all numbers, including all algebraic irrational numbers , have an irrationality exponent exactly ...
In mathematics, the Dirichlet function [1] [2] is the indicator function of the set of rational numbers, i.e. () = if x is a rational number and () = if x is not a rational number (i.e. is an irrational number).
This shows that any irrational number has irrationality measure at least 2. The Thue–Siegel–Roth theorem says that, for algebraic irrational numbers, the exponent of 2 in the corollary to Dirichlet’s approximation theorem is the best we can do: such numbers cannot be approximated by any exponent greater than 2.
It is known that ζ(3) is irrational (Apéry's theorem) and that infinitely many of the numbers ζ(2n + 1) : n ∈ , are irrational. [1] There are also results on the irrationality of values of the Riemann zeta function at the elements of certain subsets of the positive odd integers; for example, at least one of ζ (5), ζ (7), ζ (9), or ζ ...
In Wonders of Numbers Pickover described the history of schizophrenic numbers thus: The construction and discovery of schizophrenic numbers was prompted by a claim (posted in the Usenet newsgroup sci.math) that the digits of an irrational number chosen at random would not be expected to display obvious patterns in the first 100 digits. It was ...
However, there is a second definition of an irrational number used in constructive mathematics, that a real number is an irrational number if it is apart from every rational number, or equivalently, if the distance | | between and every rational number is positive. This definition is stronger than the traditional definition of an irrational number.
In mathematics, an irrational number is any real number that is not a rational number, i.e., one that cannot be written as a fraction a / b with a and b integers and b not zero. This is also known as being incommensurable, or without common measure. The irrational numbers are precisely those numbers whose expansion in any given base (decimal ...
Abu Kamil was the first mathematician to introduce irrational numbers as valid solutions to quadratic equations. [2] [3] Quadratic irrationals are used in field theory to construct field extensions of the field of rational numbers Q. Given the square-free integer c, the augmentation of Q by quadratic irrationals using √ c produces a quadratic ...