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The Russian abacus was in use in shops and markets throughout the former Soviet Union, and its usage was taught in most schools until the 1990s. [47] [48] Even the 1874 invention of mechanical calculator, Odhner arithmometer, had not replaced them in Russia.
The 17th century marked the beginning of the history of mechanical calculators, as it saw the invention of its first machines, including Pascal's calculator, in 1642. [4] [16] Blaise Pascal had invented a machine which he presented as being able to perform computations that were previously thought to be only humanly possible. [17]
Sometime between 1666 and 1675, French polymath Claude Perrault invented the first slide calculator, called Abaque rhabdologique (a rabdological abacus), when he needed to do a lot of calculations while working as an architect.
Made in Japan, this was also the first calculator to use an LED display, the first hand-held calculator to use a single integrated circuit (then proclaimed as a "calculator on a chip"), the Mostek MK6010, and the first electronic calculator to run off replaceable batteries. Using four AA-size cells the LE-120A measures 4.9 by 2.8 by 0.9 inches ...
Pascaline (also known as the arithmetic machine or Pascal's calculator) is a mechanical calculator invented by Blaise Pascal in 1642. Pascal was led to develop a calculator by the laborious arithmetical calculations required by his father's work as the supervisor of taxes in Rouen . [ 2 ]
The Late Roman hand abacus shown here as a reconstruction contains seven longer and seven shorter grooves used for whole number counting, the former having up to four beads in each, and the latter having just one. The rightmost two grooves were for fractional counting. The abacus was made of a metal plate where the beads ran in slots.
c. 1000 — Pope Sylvester II introduces the abacus using the Hindu–Arabic numeral system to Europe. 1030 — Ali Ahmad Nasawi writes a treatise on the decimal and sexagesimal number systems. His arithmetic explains the division of fractions and the extraction of square and cubic roots (square root of 57,342; cubic root of 3, 652, 296) in an ...
The pocket-sized Hewlett-Packard HP-35 scientific calculator was the first handheld device of its type, but it cost US$395 in 1972. This was justifiable for some engineering professionals, but too expensive for most students. Around 1974, lower-cost handheld electronic scientific calculators started to make slide rules largely obsolete.