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Animal psychopathology is the study of mental or behavioral disorders in non-human animals. Historically, there has been an anthropocentric tendency to emphasize the study of animal psychopathologies as models for human mental illnesses. [ 1 ]
Wild animal suffering is suffering experienced by non-human animals living in the wild, outside of direct human control, due to natural processes. Its sources include disease, injury, parasitism, starvation, malnutrition, dehydration, weather conditions, natural disasters, killings by other animals, and psychological stress.
Stress/anxiety; behaviours associated with being exposed to a stressor (e.g. loss of appetite, social withdrawal). [35] Stone chewing; chewing stones or rocks without swallowing them. [36] Tail biting; biting or chewing the tail of another animal. [37] Tail chasing; an animal chasing its own tail in circles. [38]
Furthermore, wildlife disease is a disease when one of the hosts includes a wildlife species. In many cases, wildlife hosts can act as a reservoir of diseases that spillover into domestic animals, people and other species. Wildlife diseases spread through both direct contact between two individual animals or indirectly through the environment.
The environment can cause unknown changes in brain development of rodents because they don't all live in the same habitat and therefore might develop different changes to their brain than what is expected. Maternal immune activation has also been associated with increased risk for development of neurodevelopmental disorders. [27]
In their letter, the lawmakers said some studies had found paraquat use to be associated with a 64 percent higher likelihood of developing Parkinson’s, thyroid cancer, non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma ...
Examples of biological hazards include bacteria, viruses, fungi, other microorganisms and their associated toxins. They may cause a myriad of diseases, from flu to more serious and potentially fatal diseases. [4] Psychological hazards are aspects of work and work environments that can cause psychological harm or mental ill-health.
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