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Onlooker play (behavior) – when the child watches others at play but does not engage in it. [2] The child may engage in forms of social interaction, such as conversation about the play, without actually joining in the activity. [3] This type of activity is also more common in younger children. [1] [4] Parallel play (adjacent play, social ...
The type of symbolic play in which children engage is connected with their level of creativity and ability to connect with others. [40] Additionally, the quality of their symbolic play can have consequences on their later development. For example, young children whose symbolic play is of a violent nature tend to exhibit less prosocial behavior ...
Other studies have found that distancing the symbolic object from the child also aids in dual representation. In one study, a model of the larger room was placed behind a window so that the child could see the model but not touch it. The child was shown where the toy was hidden in the model and then asked to find the toy in the larger room.
Furthermore, free play often involves symbolic representation, where objects or actions take on different meanings, reflecting a child's developing imagination and narrative abilities. [3] [2] For example, a cardboard box might become a spaceship, a house, or a fort, depending on the child's evolving fantasy.
The children that need play therapy deal with many different disorders and behaviors and it is imperative that the therapist have these main skills in order for play therapy to be effective. Understanding the stages of child development and how play can help assist them with it is an important step to their learning process. [59]
Children need the freedom to explore and play. Play also contributes to brain development. Play enables developmental in the prefrontal cortex of mammals, including humans. Evidence from neuroscience shows that the early years of a child's development (from birth to age six) set the basis for learning, behavior and health throughout life. [19]
Parallel play is a form of play in which children play adjacent to each other, but do not try to influence one another's behavior; it typically begins around 24–30 months. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] It is one of Parten's stages of play , following onlooker play and preceding associative play.
Sara Smilansky (Hebrew: שרה סמילנסקי; January 28, 1922, [1] Jerusalem, Israel [2] – December 5, 2006 [3]) was a professor at Tel Aviv University in Israel and was a senior researcher for The Henrietta Szold Institute: The National Institute for Research in the Behavioral Sciences for the Ruth Bressler Center for Research in Education. [4]