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The smallest (and unique up to rotation and reflection) non-trivial case of a magic square, order 3. In mathematics, especially historical and recreational mathematics, a square array of numbers, usually positive integers, is called a magic square if the sums of the numbers in each row, each column, and both main diagonals are the same.
The number zero for n = 6 is an example of a more general phenomenon: associative magic squares do not exist for values of n that are singly even (equal to 2 modulo 4). [3] Every associative magic square of even order forms a singular matrix, but associative magic squares of odd order can be singular or nonsingular. [4]
A larger table of quarter squares from 1 to 100000 was published by Samuel Laundy in 1856, [9] and a table from 1 to 200000 by Joseph Blater in 1888. [ 10 ] Quarter square multipliers were used in analog computers to form an analog signal that was the product of two analog input signals.
The magic constant or magic sum of a magic square is the sum of numbers in any row, column, or diagonal of the magic square. For example, the magic square shown below has a magic constant of 15. For a normal magic square of order n – that is, a magic square which contains the numbers 1, 2, ..., n 2 – the magic constant is = +.
A pandiagonal magic square remains pandiagonally magic not only under rotation or reflection, but also if a row or column is moved from one side of the square to the opposite side. As such, an n × n {\displaystyle n\times n} pandiagonal magic square can be regarded as having 8 n 2 {\displaystyle 8n^{2}} orientations.
As outlined in the article of Latin squares, this is a Latin square of order . Now, to yield a Sudoku, let us permute the rows (or equivalently the columns) in such a way, that each block is redistributed exactly once into each block – for example order them 1 , 4 , 7 , 2 , 5 , 8 , 3 , 6 , 9 {\displaystyle 1,4,7,2,5,8,3,6,9} .
Apart from the trivial case of the first order square, most-perfect magic squares are all of order 4n. In their book, Kathleen Ollerenshaw and David S. Brée give a method of construction and enumeration of all most-perfect magic squares. They also show that there is a one-to-one correspondence between reversible squares and most-perfect magic ...
The first 4-magic square was constructed by Charles Devimeux in 1983 and was a 256-order square. A 4-magic square of order 512 was constructed in May 2001 by André Viricel and Christian Boyer. [1] The first 5-magic square, of order 1024 arrived about one month later, in June 2001 again by Viricel and Boyer. They also presented a smaller 4 ...