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Brain imaging has catalyzed research of the neurobiological correlates of personality. [4] Molecular genetics: This method is used to analyze a gene-trait link, by measuring the structure and function of genes in the brain. [16] The use of molecular genetics in biology-based personality research is expected to grow. [8] Molecular assays
It is commonly contrasted with cognitive anxiety, which is the mental manifestation of anxiety, or the specific thought processes that occur during anxiety, such as concern or worry. These components of anxiety are especially studied in sports psychology, [2] specifically relating to how the anxiety symptoms affect athletic performance.
For humans, the Big Five personality traits, also known as the five-factor model (FFM) or the OCEAN model, is the prevailing model for personality traits. When factor analysis (a statistical technique) is applied to personality survey data, some words or questionnaire items used to describe aspects of personality are often applied to the same person.
The results of this research provided evidence that sport-related anxiety appears in survey results in different magnitudes based on gender, with female athletes being more anxious about their performance. [28] Another paper focused on achievement goals of athletes coupled with gender and their on anxiety in national elite sports.
The State Trait Anxiety Inventory is a test/questionnaire given to adults that shows how strong a person’s feelings of anxiety are. It is offered and translated in twelve languages: English, Chinese, Danish, Dutch, Finnish, French, Italian, Norwegian, Portuguese, Spanish, Swedish, and Thai. [6]
A version of the BAI, the Beck Anxiety Inventory-Trait (BAIT), was developed in 2008 to assess trait anxiety rather than immediate or prolonged state anxiety, much like the STAI. However, unlike the STAI, the BAIT was developed to minimize the overlap between anxiety and depression. [24]
Sport psychology is defined as the study of the psychological basis, processes, and effects of sport. [1] One definition of sport sees it as "any physical activity for the purposes of competition, recreation, education or health". [2]
Anxiety is an emotion characterised by an unpleasant state of inner turmoil and includes feelings of dread over anticipated events. [1] [2] [3] Anxiety is different from fear in that fear is defined as the emotional response to a present threat, whereas anxiety is the anticipation of a future one. [4]