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A granum (plural grana) is a stack of thylakoid discs. Chloroplasts can have from 10 to 100 grana. Grana are connected by stroma thylakoids, also called intergranal thylakoids or lamellae. Grana thylakoids and stroma thylakoids can be distinguished by their different protein composition.
Chloroplasts are characterized by a system of membranes embedded in a hydrophobic proteinaceous matrix, or stroma. The basic unit of the membrane system is a flattened single vesicle called the thylakoid; thylakoids stack into grana. All the thylakoids of a granum are connected with each other, and the grana are connected by intergranal ...
Within the envelope membranes, in the region called the stroma, there is a system of interconnecting flattened membrane compartments, called the thylakoids. The thylakoid membrane is quite similar in lipid composition to the inner envelope membrane, containing 78% galactolipids, 15.5% phospholipids and 6.5% sulfolipids in spinach chloroplasts. [3]
A chloroplast (/ ˈ k l ɔːr ə ˌ p l æ s t,-p l ɑː s t /) [1] [2] is a type of organelle known as a plastid that conducts photosynthesis mostly in plant and algal cells. Chloroplasts have a high concentration of chlorophyll pigments which capture the energy from sunlight and convert it to chemical energy and release oxygen.
Stroma, in botany, refers to the colorless fluid surrounding the grana within the chloroplast. [1] Within the stroma are grana (stacks of thylakoid), the sub-organelles where photosynthesis is started [2] before the chemical changes are completed in the stroma. [3] Photosynthesis occurs in two stages.
Stroma (from Ancient Greek στρῶμα ' layer, bed, bed covering ') is the part of a tissue or organ with a structural or connective role. It is made up of all the parts without specific functions of the organ - for example, connective tissue, blood vessels, ducts, etc.
This creates a H + gradient, making H + ions flow back into the stroma of the chloroplast, providing the energy for the (re)generation of ATP. [citation needed] The photosystem II complex replaced its lost electrons from H 2 O, so electrons are not returned to photosystem II as they would in the analogous cyclic pathway. Instead, they are ...
In addition, by regulating local cytokine networks (e.g. M-CSF, [2] LIF [3]), bone marrow stromal cells have been described to be involved in human hematopoiesis and inflammatory processes. Stromal cells (in the dermis layer) adjacent to the epidermis (the top layer of the skin) release growth factors that promote cell division. This keeps the ...