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Staging breast cancer is the initial step to help physicians determine the most appropriate course of treatment. As of 2016, guidelines incorporated biologic factors, such as tumor grade, cellular proliferation rate, estrogen and progesterone receptor expression, human epidermal growth factor 2 (HER2) expression, and gene expression profiling into the staging system.
Total parenteral nutrition increases the risk of acute cholecystitis [27] due to complete disuse of the gastrointestinal tract, which may result in bile stasis in the gallbladder. Other potential hepatobiliary dysfunctions include steatosis , [ 28 ] steatohepatitis , cholestasis , and cholelithiasis . [ 29 ]
Followed by flap dissection for removal of the breast tissue, NAC is preserved during the whole procedure. [7] Breast reconstruction options, such as implant-based or flap-based reconstruction, can be pursued at last. After the surgery, proper monitoring of blood pressure and psychological support are needed. [8]
Mastectomy is the medical term for the surgical removal of one or both breasts, partially or completely.A mastectomy is usually carried out to treat breast cancer. [1] [2] In some cases, women believed to be at high risk of breast cancer choose to have the operation as a preventive measure. [1]
Cancer treatments are a wide range of treatments available for the many different types of cancer, with each cancer type needing its own specific treatment. [1] Treatments can include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, hormonal therapy, targeted therapy including small-molecule drugs or monoclonal antibodies, [2] and PARP inhibitors such as olaparib. [3]
There is preliminary evidence suggesting that negative-pressure wound therapy may be useful in healing complicated breast wounds resulting from surgery. [10] Postoperative pain is common following breast surgery. The incidence of poorly controlled acute postoperative pain following breast cancer surgery ranges between 14.0% to 54.1%. [11]
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