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In operations research, the cutting-stock problem is the problem of cutting standard-sized pieces of stock material, such as paper rolls or sheet metal, into pieces of specified sizes while minimizing material wasted.
Bend radius, which is measured to the inside curvature, is the minimum radius one can bend a pipe, tube, sheet, cable or hose without kinking it, damaging it, or shortening its life. The smaller the bend radius, the greater the material flexibility (as the radius of curvature decreases , the curvature increases ).
Tube drawing is very similar to bar drawing, except the beginning stock is a tube. It is used to decrease the diameter, improve surface finish, and improve dimensional accuracy. A mandrel may or may not be used depending on the specific process used. A floating plug may also be inserted into the inside diameter of the tube to control the wall ...
Using this term, one can calculate many things in the same way as for a round tube. When the cross-section is uniform along the tube or channel length, it is defined as [1] [2] =, where A is the cross-sectional area of the flow, P is the wetted perimeter of the cross-section.
The arrangement of tubes is a crucial design aspect. They are positioned in holes drilled in tube sheets, with the spacing between holes - known as tube pitch - being a key factor for both structural integrity and efficiency. [10] Tubes are typically organized in square or triangular patterns, and specific layouts are detailed in engineering ...
A cell on a different sheet of the same spreadsheet is usually addressed as: =SHEET2!A1 (that is; the first cell in sheet 2 of the same spreadsheet). Some spreadsheet implementations in Excel allow cell references to another spreadsheet (not the currently open and active file) on the same computer or a local network.
Plans can be lofted on a level wooden floor, marking heavy paper such as Red Rosin for the full-sized plans or directly on plywood sheets. Two men lifting templates in the mold loft, Tyneside Shipyards, 1943. The first step is to layout the grid, mark the Base Line along the length of the paper or plywood sheet.
Pivot tables are not created automatically. For example, in Microsoft Excel one must first select the entire data in the original table and then go to the Insert tab and select "Pivot Table" (or "Pivot Chart"). The user then has the option of either inserting the pivot table into an existing sheet or creating a new sheet to house the pivot table.