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Ms. (American English) [1] or Ms (British English; [2] normally / ˈ m ɪ z /, but also / m ə z /, or / m ə s / when unstressed) [3] [4] is an English-language honorific used with the last name or full name of a woman, intended as a default form of address for women regardless of marital status. [5]
In the English language, an honorific is a form of address conveying esteem, courtesy or respect. These can be titles prefixing a person's name, e.g.: Mr, Mrs, Miss, Ms, Mx, Sir, Dame, Dr, Cllr, Lady, or Lord, or other titles or positions that can appear as a form of address without the person's name, as in Mr President, General, Captain, Father, Doctor, or Earl.
The meanings of both Miss and Mrs underwent transformations over time. Historically, these titles did not solely indicate marital status. [2] Even after the adoption of Miss by many adult single women in 18th-century England, Mrs continued to signify social or business standing, rather than merely marital status, until at least the mid-19th century.
Mademoiselle or demoiselle ([də.mwa.zɛl]) is a French courtesy title, abbreviated Mlle or Dlle, traditionally given to an unmarried woman. The equivalent in English is "Miss".
The traditional honorifics of Miss, Mrs, Ms and Mr in English all indicate the binary gender of the individual. [3]Frauenknecht et al. at die Katholische Universität Eichstätt-Ingolstadt published a 2021 study in the Journal for EuroLinguistiX which rated 10 current human languages for only 10 job titles regarding "Gender-Inclusive Job Titles", since job titles can in most languages be used ...
Originally, Mrs was used with a woman's own first name and married surname. Abigail Adams, for example, was addressed as Mrs. Abigail Adams. [8] In the 19th century, it became common to use the husband's first name instead of the wife's. Jane Austen gave some of the earliest examples of that form when she wrote of Mrs. John Dashwood. [7]
When a person (traditionally the wife in many cultures) assumes the family name of their spouse, in some countries that name replaces the person's previous surname, which in the case of the wife is called the maiden name ("birth name" is also used as a gender-neutral or masculine substitute for maiden name), whereas a married name is a family name or surname adopted upon marriage.
Mx (/ m ɪ k s, m ə k s / [1] [2]) is an English-language neologistic honorific that does not indicate gender. Created as an alternative to gendered honorifics (such as Mr. and Ms.) in the late 1970s, it is the most common gender-neutral title among non-binary people [3] and people who do not wish to imply a gender in their titles.