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Furosemide, sold under the brand name Lasix among others, is a loop diuretic medication used to treat edema due to heart failure, liver scarring, or kidney disease. [4] Furosemide may also be used for the treatment of high blood pressure . [ 4 ]
Contraindicated in pregnancy: Studies in animals or humans have demonstrated fetal abnormalities and/or there is positive evidence of human fetal risk based on adverse reaction data from investigational or marketing experience, and the risks involved in use of the drug in pregnant women clearly outweigh potential benefits.
Enoxaparin is listed as Pregnancy Category B, meaning animal studies have failed to show harmful effects to the fetus and therefore are safe to use in pregnant women. [ 37 ] [ 39 ] However, pregnant women taking LMWH may not experience the full anticoagulant effect due to the nature of the medication compared to other anticoagulants (i.e ...
Contraindications of spironolactone include hyperkalemia (high potassium levels), severe and end-stage kidney disease (due to high hyperkalemia risk, except possibly in those on dialysis), Addison's disease (adrenal insufficiency and low aldosterone levels), and concomitant use of eplerenone.
For heart failure, it is generally used with a diuretic, such as furosemide. [6] It is given by mouth or by injection into a vein. [5] Onset of effects are typically within an hour when taken by mouth and last for up to a day. [5] Common side effects include headache, tiredness, feeling lightheaded with standing, and cough. [5]
Lacosamide has a K d value just under 5 μM and a B max of about 200 pM/mg. [34] The volume of distribution (V d) of lacosamide in plasma is 0.6 L/kg, which is close to the total volume of water. Lacosamide is ampiphilic and is thus hydrophilic while also lipophilic enough to cross the blood-brain barrier .
It is also contraindicated during pregnancy and in women who may become pregnant, because data regarding safety for the unborn are lacking, as well as in patients with severe liver and renal impairment. [4] [5] The drug must not be combined with strong inhibitors of the liver enzyme CYP3A4 or with the immunosuppressant drug ciclosporin. [4] [5]
Aliskiren (brand names Tekturna and Rasilez) is the first in a class of drugs called direct renin inhibitors.It is used for essential (primary) hypertension. [2] While used for high blood pressure, other better studied medications are typically recommended due to concerns of higher side effects and less evidence of benefit.