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Houses centered around inner courtyards existed across the ancient Greco-Roman world and, before that, in the ancient Middle East. Interior gardens are also an ancient feature of domestic architecture in the Middle East, and the geometrically arranged gardens of Islamic architecture derive from Iranian civilization in particular.
A courtyard house in Fes. Traditional Moroccan houses can be divided into two categories: the dar (Arabic: دار) and the riyad or riad (Arabic: رياض). Both are organized around a central courtyard or patio, known as the wast ad-dar (Arabic: وسط الدار, lit. 'middle of the house').
The drainage of the basins and swimming pools, or cold baths, the frigidarium and the loutron, as well as the swimming pools and piscinae, which were fed by a water tank, itself fed by an aqueduct, [115] was generally done according to the Roman technique, which was to direct the evacuation or emptying water, lightly charged, towards the ...
Sahns usually feature a central pool or fountain to aid with ablutions, sometimes sheltered under an open domed pavilion. [10] [66] [67] Historically, because of the warm Mediterranean and Middle Eastern climates, the courtyard also served to accommodate larger numbers of worshippers during Friday prayers. [68]
[134] [117] Courtyard houses have historical antecedents in the houses and villas of the Greco-Roman Mediterranean world and even earlier in the ancient Middle East. [117] These houses were inward focused: even rich mansions are usually completely unadorned on the outside, with all decoration concentrated on the inside.
The houses had irregular plans and were separated by small streets. Two larger houses were excavated in the middle of the town, not far away from the main temple. Typical for these houses is a central hall with many smaller rooms around it. In one of the houses (house A) were found 45 cuneiform clay tablets with ritual texts. It seems possible ...