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The relationship between alcohol consumption and body weight is the subject of inconclusive studies. Findings of these studies range from increase in body weight to a small decrease among women who begin consuming alcohol. [1] [2] Some of these studies are conducted with numerous subjects; one involved nearly 8,000 and another 140,000 subjects.
The impact of alcohol on weight-gain is contentious: some studies find no effect, [142] others find decreased [143] or increased effect on weight gain. Alcohol use increases the risk of chronic gastritis (stomach inflammation); [ 3 ] [ 144 ] it is one cause of cirrhosis , hepatitis , and pancreatitis in both its chronic and acute forms.
Studies on alcohol and weight loss are mixed, however. One 2020 analysis of more than 280,000 people found that those who drank wine had lower BMIs than those who didn’t drink wine.
Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is defined as a medical condition characterized by an impaired ability to stop or control alcohol use despite adverse social, occupational, or health consequences. [124] Excessive alcohol use can lead to health-related illness and continuous alcohol engagement can ultimately lead to death.
The protracted withdrawal syndrome from benzodiazepines, opioids, alcohol and other addictive substances can produce symptoms identical to generalized anxiety disorder as well as panic disorder. Due to the sometimes prolonged nature and severity of benzodiazepine, opioid and alcohol withdrawal, abrupt cessation is not advised. [13]
Under conditions of moderate alcohol consumption where blood alcohol levels average 0.06–0.08 percent and decrease 0.01–0.02 percent per hour, an alcohol clearance rate of 4–5 hours would coincide with disruptions in sleep maintenance in the second half of an 8-hour sleep episode.
The spectrum of alcohol withdrawal symptoms range from such minor symptoms as insomnia and tremulousness to severe complications such as withdrawal seizures and delirium tremens. [12] Alcohol withdrawal syndrome can be very tricky to diagnose, due to other preliminary conditions that may exist from individual to individual.
Failure to manage the alcohol withdrawal syndrome appropriately can lead to permanent brain damage or death. [48] It has been proposed that brain damage due to alcohol withdrawal may be prevented by the administration of NMDA antagonists, calcium antagonists, and glucocorticoid antagonists. [49]