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This virtual kingpin is inclined toward the centerline of the vehicle at an angle called the kingpin angle. Virtual or physical, the kingpin angle may also be referred to by its initialism KPA, kingpin inclination (KPI), or steering axis inclination (SAI), and remains a fundamental vehicle design parameter. On most modern designs, the kingpin ...
The kingpin axis also known as steering inclination is the line between the upper and lower pivot points of the steering knuckle. If the kingpin axis intersection point is outboard of the center of the contact patch, it is negative; if inside the contact patch, it is positive.
Kingpin Inclination; Scrub radius; Spring and shock absorber motion ratios; The kinematics describe how important characteristics change as the suspension moves, typically in roll or steer. They include Bump Steer; Roll Steer; Tractive Force Steer; Brake Force Steer; Camber gain in roll; Caster gain in roll; Roll centre height gain; Ackermann ...
Arthur Krebs proposed placing the front axle of a car at a positive caster angle in his UK patent of 1896, entitled Improvements in mechanically propelled vehicles. In it he stated it was intended "To ensure stability of direction by means of a special arrangement of fore-carriage, that is to say, to re-establish automatically the parallelism of the two axles of the vehicle when there is no ...
The lowered pivot point and longer arm length reduce the change in camber and the effect is far less hazardous than powered swing axles for the rear wheels listed above, where the pivot point is approximately on the same side frame rail. [6] The Twin I-Beam suspension includes an additional radius arm link on each side to control caster. [7]
A major decrease of the force and velocity of the kickback requires changes in the suspension kinematics, namely the kingpin inclination and offset, and also in the steering mechanism by changing lever ratio between fixed steering arms and pitman arms.
As a result, a virtual kingpin axis was set inside the tire, making it possible to significantly reduce the kingpin angle from 14 degrees to 6 degrees and the spindle offset from 66 mm to 18 mm. As a result, the torque steer that is noticeable in high-output front-engine, front-wheel drive vehicles equipped with LSD is reduced.
Ackermann geometry. The Ackermann steering geometry (also called Ackermann's steering trapezium) [1] is a geometric arrangement of linkages in the steering of a car or other vehicle designed to solve the problem of wheels on the inside and outside of a turn needing to trace out circles of different radii.