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Skeletons of a human and an elephant. Comparative foot morphology involves comparing the form of distal limb structures of a variety of terrestrial vertebrates.Understanding the role that the foot plays for each type of organism must take account of the differences in body type, foot shape, arrangement of structures, loading conditions and other variables.
Human walking is about 75% less costly than both quadrupedal and bipedal walking in chimpanzees. Some hypotheses have supported that bipedalism increased the energetic efficiency of travel and that this was an important factor in the origin of bipedal locomotion. Humans save more energy than quadrupeds when walking but not when running.
In humans and our closest relatives, the African apes (chimpanzees and gorillas), it fuses to the scaphoid, where it forms the articulation with the trapezoid bone; occasionally it stays separate. In Man's foot, it is the navicular. Some early land vertebrates had more than one (up to three) os centrale per hand or foot (plural "(ossa) centralia").
Comparative anatomy is the study of similarities and differences in the anatomy of different species. It is closely related to evolutionary biology and phylogeny [ 1 ] (the evolution of species). The science began in the classical era , continuing in the early modern period with work by Pierre Belon who noted the similarities of the skeletons ...
There are structural differences between the limb anatomy of plantigrades, unguligrades, and digitigrades. Digitigrade and unguligrade animals have relatively long carpals and tarsals, and the bones which correspond to the human ankle are thus set much higher in the limb than in a human. In a digitigrade animal, this effectively lengthens the ...
In the human body, the tarsus (pl.: tarsi) is a cluster of seven articulating bones in each foot situated between the lower end of the tibia and the fibula of the lower leg and the metatarsus. It is made up of the midfoot (cuboid, medial, intermediate, and lateral cuneiform, and navicular) and hindfoot (talus and calcaneus).
Human_skeleton_diagram.png: (Source: Collier's New Encyclopedia, VIII (New York: P.F. Collier & Son Company, 1921), p. 446. derivative work: GregorDS ( talk ) 09:18, 21 December 2011 (UTC) This is a retouched picture , which means that it has been digitally altered from its original version.
The foot (pl.: feet) is an anatomical structure found in many vertebrates.It is the terminal portion of a limb which bears weight and allows locomotion.In many animals with feet, the foot is a separate [clarification needed] organ at the terminal part of the leg made up of one or more segments or bones, generally including claws and/or nails.