Search results
Results From The WOW.Com Content Network
Some viruses may have evolved from bits of DNA or RNA that "escaped" from the genes of a larger organism. The escaped DNA could have come from plasmids (pieces of naked DNA that can move between cells) or transposons (molecules of DNA that replicate and move around to different positions within the genes of the cell). [11]: 810 Once called ...
Viruses may undergo two types of life cycles: the lytic cycle and the lysogenic cycle. In the lytic cycle, the virus introduces its genome into a host cell and initiates replication by hijacking the host's cellular machinery to make new copies of the virus. [12] In the lysogenic life cycle, the viral genome is incorporated into the host genome.
The tumor virus can introduce and express a "transforming" gene either through the integration of DNA or RNA into the host genome. The tumor virus can alter expression on preexisting genes of the host. One or both of these mechanisms can occur in the same host cell.
In some species of RNA virus, the genes are not on a continuous molecule of RNA, but are separated. The influenza virus, for example, has eight separate genes made of RNA. When two different strains of influenza virus infect the same cell, these genes can mix and produce new strains of the virus in a process called reassortment. [33]
Gene delivery is the process of introducing foreign genetic material, such as DNA or RNA, into host cells. [1] Gene delivery must reach the genome of the host cell to induce gene expression . [ 2 ] Successful gene delivery requires the foreign gene delivery to remain stable within the host cell and can either integrate into the genome or ...
For the virus to reproduce and thereby establish infection, it must enter cells of the host organism and use those cells' materials. To enter the cells, proteins on the surface of the virus interact with proteins of the cell. Attachment, or adsorption, occurs between the viral particle and the host cell membrane.
Viral vectors are routinely used in a basic research setting and can introduce genes encoding, for instance, complementary DNA, short hairpin RNA, or CRISPR/Cas9 systems for gene editing. [8] Viral vectors are employed for cellular reprogramming, like inducing pluripotent stem cells or differentiating adult somatic cells into different cell ...
The first man-made infectious viruses generated without any natural template were of the polio virus and the φX174 bacteriophage. [4] With synthetic live viruses, it is not whole viruses that are synthesized but rather their genome at first, both in the case of DNA and RNA viruses. For many viruses, viral RNA is infectious when introduced into ...