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Leaching is the process of a solute becoming detached or extracted from its carrier substance by way of a solvent. [ 1 ] Leaching is a naturally occurring process which scientists have adapted for a variety of applications with a variety of methods.
In 2011 leaching, both heap leaching and in-situ leaching, produced 3.4 million metric tons of copper, 22 percent of world production. [8] The largest copper heap leach operations are in Chile, Peru, and the southwestern United States. Although heap leaching is a low cost-process, it normally has recovery rates of 60-70%.
Leaching is a process widely used in extractive metallurgy where ore is treated with chemicals to convert the valuable metals within the ore, into soluble salts while the impurity remains insoluble. These can then be washed out and processed to give the pure metal; the materials left over are commonly known as tailings .
After leaching, the leach liquor must normally undergo concentration of the metal ions that are to be recovered. Additionally, undesirable metal ions sometimes require removal. [1] Precipitation is the selective removal of a compound of the targeted metal or removal of a major impurity by precipitation of one of its compounds.
Gold cyanidation (also known as the cyanide process or the MacArthur–Forrest process) is a hydrometallurgical technique for extracting gold from low-grade ore through conversion to a water-soluble coordination complex. It is the most commonly used leaching process for gold extraction. [1]
Cyanide leaching "heap" at a gold mining operation near Elko, Nevada.On top of the large mounds of ore, are sprinklers dispensing a solution of cyanide. Gold extraction is the extraction of gold from dilute ores using a combination of chemical processes.
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The Albion process is an atmospheric leaching process for processing zinc concentrate, refractory copper and refractory gold. [1] The process is important because it is the most cost-effective method currently in use for extracting both the zinc and lead from concentrates that contain high lead levels (7% or greater).