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Flavonoids are synthesized by the phenylpropanoid metabolic pathway in which the amino acid phenylalanine is used to produce 4-coumaroyl-CoA. [1] This can be combined with malonyl-CoA to yield the true backbone of flavonoids, a group of compounds called chalcones , which contain two phenyl rings.
4-Coumaroyl-CoA can be combined with malonyl-CoA to yield the true backbone of flavonoids, a group of compounds called chalconoids, which contain two phenyl rings. Naringenin-chalcone synthase is an enzyme that catalyzes the following conversion: 3-malonyl-CoA + 4-coumaroyl-CoA → 4 CoA + naringenin chalcone + 3 CO 2
Their name is derived from the six-carbon, aromatic phenyl group and the three-carbon propene tail of coumaric acid, which is the central intermediate in phenylpropanoid biosynthesis. From 4-coumaroyl-CoA emanates the biosynthesis of myriad natural products including lignols (precursors to lignin and lignocellulose ), flavonoids , isoflavonoids ...
The three flavonoid classes above are all ketone-containing compounds and as such, anthoxanthins (flavones and flavonols). [1] This class was the first to be termed bioflavonoids. The terms flavonoid and bioflavonoid have also been more loosely used to describe non-ketone polyhydroxy polyphenol compounds, which are more specifically termed ...
There is no fixed, commonly agreed upon system for classifying secondary metabolites. Based on their biosynthetic origins, plant secondary metabolites can be divided into three major groups: [2] Flavonoids and allied phenolic and polyphenolic compounds, Terpenoids, and; Nitrogen-containing alkaloids and sulphur-containing compounds.
This enzyme is known by the systematic name UPD-glucose:flavonol 3-O-D glucosyltransferase, and it participates in flavonoid biosynthesis and causes the formation of anthocyanins. Anthocyanins produce a purple color in the plant tissues that they are present in. [2] It is an enzyme found most notably in grapes (Vitis vinifera). [3]
The biosynthesis of flavones proceeds from the phenylpropanoid pathway, which uses L-phenylalanine as a starting point. [6] Phenylalanine ammonia lyase facilitates the deamination of L-phenylalanine to (E)-cinnamate , [ 6 ] which is then oxidized by cinnamate 4-hydroxylase to yield p-Coumaric acid . [ 7 ]
CHS catalysis serves as the initial step for flavonoid biosynthesis. Flavonoids are important plant secondary metabolites that serve various functions in higher plants. . These include pigmentation, UV protection, fertility, antifungal defense and the recruitment of nitrogen-fixing bacteri