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In genetics, a promoter is a sequence of DNA to which proteins bind to initiate transcription of a single RNA transcript from the DNA downstream of the promoter. The RNA transcript may encode a protein ( mRNA ), or can have a function in and of itself, such as tRNA or rRNA .
Transcription preinitiation complex, represented by the central cluster of proteins, causes RNA polymerase to bind to target DNA site. The PIC is able to bind both the promoter sequence near the gene to be transcribed and an enhancer sequence in a different part of the genome, allowing enhancer sequences to regulate a gene distant from it.
The promoter region is a prime regulator of transcription. Promoter regions regulate transcription of all genes within bacteria. As a result of their involvement, the sequence of base pairs within the promoter region is significant; the more similar the promoter region is to the consensus sequence, the tighter RNA polymerase will be able to bind.
The left model is of the complex of NF-YC/NF-YB with the CCAAT element from the pro- 2(I) collagen promoter. The DNA backbone is shown as ribbons (purple) with the bases displayed. The two possible locations of the CCAAT box, according to the modeling, have been colored cyan. For the right model of the NF-Y/CCAAT complex.
The Inr element for core promoters was found to be more prevalent than the TATA box in eukaryotic promoter domains. [9] In a study of 1800+ distinct human promoter sequences it was found that 49% contain the Inr element while 21.8% contain the TATA box. [9] Out of those sequences with the TATA box, 62% contained the Inr element as well.
Further research at the late stage of thymocyte development reveals that distal Lck promoter with driven Cre will result in the distal lck gene promoter to drive Cre expression to be limited within innate-like T cells. There is a cell type specific function in innate-like T cells based on the distal lck promoter - driven Cre. [3]
A sigma factor is a protein needed only for initiation of RNA synthesis in bacteria. [12] Sigma factors provide promoter recognition specificity to the RNA polymerase (RNAP) and contribute to DNA strand separation, then dissociating from the RNA polymerase core enzyme following transcription initiation. [13]
An active enhancer regulatory sequence of DNA is enabled to interact with the promoter DNA regulatory sequence of its target gene by formation of a chromosome loop. This can initiate messenger RNA (mRNA) synthesis by RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) bound to the promoter at the transcription start site of the gene. The loop is stabilized by one ...