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Dysautonomia, autonomic failure, or autonomic dysfunction is a condition in which the autonomic nervous system (ANS) does not work properly. This condition may affect the functioning of the heart , bladder , intestines , sweat glands , pupils , and blood vessels.
Autonomic dysreflexia (AD) is a life-threatening medical emergency characterized by hypertension and cardiac arrhythmias. [1] This condition is sometimes referred to as autonomic hyperreflexia. [ 2 ] Most cases of AD occur in individuals with spinal cord injuries. [ 3 ]
Autonomic dysreflexia is permanent, and occurs from Phase 4 onwards. It is characterized by unchecked sympathetic stimulation below the SCI (from a loss of cranial regulation), leading to often extreme hypertension, loss of bladder or bowel control, sweating, headaches, and other sympathetic effects.
Hyperreflexia is overactive or overresponsive bodily reflexes.Examples of this include twitching and spastic tendencies, which indicate disease of the upper motor neurons and the lessening or loss of control ordinarily exerted by higher brain centers of lower neural pathways.
In primary dysautonomias, the autonomic dysfunction occurs as a primary condition (as opposed to resulting from another disease). [1] Autonomic failure is categorized as "primary" when believed to result from a chronic condition characterized by degeneration of the autonomic nervous system, or where autonomic failure is the predominant symptom ...
MSA is characterized by the following: Autonomic and at least one Motor (clinically established MSA criteria 2022) [6] [7] autonomic dysfunction : Post-void urinary residual volume ≥100 mL (usually by ultrasound); Unexplained urinary urge incontinence; or Neurogenic orthostatic hypotension (≥20/10 mmHg blood pressure drop) within 3 minutes ...
Paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity (PSH) is a syndrome that causes episodes of increased activity of the sympathetic nervous system.Hyperactivity of the sympathetic nervous system can manifest as increased heart rate, increased respiration, increased blood pressure, diaphoresis, and hyperthermia. [1]
Cushing reflex (also referred to as the vasopressor response, the Cushing effect, the Cushing reaction, the Cushing phenomenon, the Cushing response, or Cushing's Law) is a physiological nervous system response to increased intracranial pressure (ICP) that results in Cushing's triad of increased blood pressure, irregular breathing, and bradycardia. [1]