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The large sieve is a method (or family of methods and related ideas) in analytic number theory.It is a type of sieve where up to half of all residue classes of numbers are removed, as opposed to small sieves such as the Selberg sieve wherein only a few residue classes are removed.
There are three inequalities between means to prove. There are various methods to prove the inequalities, including mathematical induction, the Cauchy–Schwarz inequality, Lagrange multipliers, and Jensen's inequality. For several proofs that GM ≤ AM, see Inequality of arithmetic and geometric means.
The discriminant Δ of the cubic is the square of = () (), where a is the leading coefficient of the cubic, and r 1, r 2 and r 3 are the three roots of the cubic. As Δ {\displaystyle {\sqrt {\Delta }}} changes of sign if two roots are exchanged, Δ {\displaystyle {\sqrt {\Delta }}} is fixed by the Galois group only if the Galois group is A 3 .
In mathematics, the inequality of arithmetic and geometric means, or more briefly the AM–GM inequality, states that the arithmetic mean of a list of non-negative real numbers is greater than or equal to the geometric mean of the same list; and further, that the two means are equal if and only if every number in the list is the same (in which ...
Landau's inequality provides an upper bound for the absolute values of the product of the roots that have an absolute value greater than one. This inequality, discovered in 1905 by Edmund Landau , [ 9 ] has been forgotten and rediscovered at least three times during the 20th century.
Vieta's formulas are frequently used with polynomials with coefficients in any integral domain R.Then, the quotients / belong to the field of fractions of R (and possibly are in R itself if happens to be invertible in R) and the roots are taken in an algebraically closed extension.
Jensen's inequality generalizes the statement that a secant line of a convex function lies above its graph. Visualizing convexity and Jensen's inequality In mathematics , Jensen's inequality , named after the Danish mathematician Johan Jensen , relates the value of a convex function of an integral to the integral of the convex function.
Cauchy–Schwarz inequality (Modified Schwarz inequality for 2-positive maps [27]) — For a 2-positive map between C*-algebras, for all , in its domain, () ‖ ‖ (), ‖ ‖ ‖ ‖ ‖ ‖. Another generalization is a refinement obtained by interpolating between both sides of the Cauchy–Schwarz inequality: