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This characterization is used to specify intervals by mean of interval notation, which is described below. An open interval does not include any endpoint, and is indicated with parentheses. [2] For example, (,) = {< <} is the interval of all real numbers greater than 0 and less than 1.
In calculus, and especially multivariable calculus, the mean of a function is loosely defined as the average value of the function over its domain. In one variable, the mean of a function f(x) over the interval (a,b) is defined by: [1] ¯ = ().
The main objective of interval arithmetic is to provide a simple way of calculating upper and lower bounds of a function's range in one or more variables. These endpoints are not necessarily the true supremum or infimum of a range since the precise calculation of those values can be difficult or impossible; the bounds only need to contain the function's range as a subset.
As the number of discrete events increases, the function begins to resemble a normal distribution. Comparison of probability density functions, () for the sum of fair 6-sided dice to show their convergence to a normal distribution with increasing , in accordance to the central limit theorem. In the bottom-right graph, smoothed profiles of the ...
The notation is also used to denote the characteristic function in convex analysis, which is defined as if using the reciprocal of the standard definition of the indicator function. A related concept in statistics is that of a dummy variable .
The functional notation requires that a name is given to the function, which, in the case of a unspecified function is often the letter f. Then, the application of the function to an argument is denoted by its name followed by its argument (or, in the case of a multivariate functions, its arguments) enclosed between parentheses, such as in
When trying to find the square root of a number >, one can be certain that , which gives the first interval = [,], in which has to be found. If one knows the next higher perfect square >, one can get an even better candidate for the first interval: = [,].
Each term in the sum is the product of the value of the function at a given point and the length of an interval. Consequently, each term represents the (signed) area of a rectangle with height f(t i) and width x i + 1 − x i. The Riemann sum is the (signed) area of all the rectangles. Closely related concepts are the lower and upper Darboux sums.