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In addition to being one of the first cities, Uruk was the main force of urbanization and state formation during the Uruk period, or 'Uruk expansion' (4000–3200 BC). This period of 800 years saw a shift from small, agricultural villages to a larger urban center with a full-time bureaucracy, military, and stratified society.
The Uruk period (c. 4000 to 3100 BC; also known as Protoliterate period) existed from the protohistoric Chalcolithic to Early Bronze Age period in the history of Mesopotamia, after the Ubaid period and before the Jemdet Nasr period. [1]
Oldest European-founded settlement in New Zealand. Levuka: Kubuna Fiji: 1820 [272] Oldest European settlement in Fiji. [272] Bluff: Southland New Zealand: 1824 AD Previously known as Campbelltown, the oldest European-founded settlement in the South Island. Brisbane: Queensland Australia: 1825 AD Oldest city in Northern Australia, State Capital ...
Eventually the Guti were overthrown by Utu-hengal of Uruk, and the various city-states again vied for power. Power over the area finally went to the city-state of Ur, when Ur-Nammu founded the Ur III Empire (2112–2004 BC) and conquered the Sumerian region.
Enmerkar [a] [b] (fl. c. 2750 BC) was an ancient Sumerian ruler to whom the construction of the city of Uruk and a 420-year reign [c] was attributed. According to literary sources, he led various campaigns against the land of Aratta.
Late Uruk Period: Historicity doubted, thought to be an addition by the Ur III period. [38] "Mesh-ki-ang-gasher entered the sea and disappeared." Enmerkar "the son of Mesh-ki-ang-gasher, the king of Unug, who built Unug (Uruk)" 420 years: Late Uruk Period: Lugalbanda "the shepherd" 1,200 years: Late Uruk Period: Historicity is uncertain among ...
The site was first noted, as Grai Reš, in 1938 by Seton Lloyd during a survey of the Sinjar region. It was said to be primarily from the Uruk period based on surface pottery, including Beveled rim bowls. [2]
Thirteen Uruk V period "numerical tablets" (possibly a precursor to Proto-cuneiform and Proto-Elamite), sometimes called "impressed tablets", were found at the site in the southern houses area, some sealed. Four of the tablets were found in a large T-shaped room near the temple precinct. [20] [21] [22] Eleven Neolithic clay tokens were also ...