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In addition to being one of the first cities, Uruk was the main force of urbanization and state formation during the Uruk period, or 'Uruk expansion' (4000–3200 BC). This period of 800 years saw a shift from small, agricultural villages to a larger urban center with a full-time bureaucracy, military, and stratified society.
The Uruk presence was peaceful as it is first noted in the context of feasting; commercial deals during that period were traditionally ratified through feasting. [ note 12 ] [ 121 ] [ 148 ] The excavations in area TW revealed feasting to be an important local habit, as two cooking facilities, large amounts of grains, skeletons of animals, a ...
The Uruk period (c. 4000 to 3100 BC; also known as Protoliterate period) existed from the protohistoric Chalcolithic to Early Bronze Age period in the history of Mesopotamia, after the Ubaid period and before the Jemdet Nasr period. [1]
Kushim (Sumerian: 𒆪𒋆 KU.ŠIM; fl. c. 3200 BC) is supposedly the earliest known recorded name of a person in writing. The name "Kushim" is found on several Uruk period (c. 3400–3000 BC) clay tablets used to record transactions of barley. It is uncertain if the name refers to an individual, a generic title of an officeholder, or an ...
Enmerkar [a] [b] (fl. c. 2750 BC) was an ancient Sumerian ruler to whom the construction of the city of Uruk and a 420-year reign [c] was attributed. According to literary sources, he led various campaigns against the land of Aratta. He is credited in Sumerian legend as the inventor of writing. [4]
The history of Sumer spans through the 5th to 3rd millennia BCE in southern Mesopotamia, and is taken to include the prehistoric Ubaid and Uruk periods. Sumer was the region's earliest known civilization and ended with the downfall of the Third Dynasty of Ur around 2004 BCE.
A shell midden at Enterprise, Florida in 1875.. The foundation of Florida was located in the continent of Gondwana at the South Pole 650 million years ago (Mya). When Gondwana collided with the continent of Laurentia 300 Mya, it had moved further north. 200 Mya, the merged continents containing what would be Florida, had moved north of the equator.
Enshakushanna (Sumerian: 𒂗𒊮𒊨ð’€ð’ˆ¾, en-sha3-kush2-an-na; fl. c. 2350 BC), [3] or Enshagsagana, [4] En-shag-kush-ana, Enukduanna, En-Shakansha-Ana, En-šakušuana was a king of Uruk around the mid-3rd millennium BC who is named on the Sumerian King List, which states his reign to have been 60 years